Earthwork in cutting for construction of Road. Earth excavation machines are used to cut the earth and level them or fill pits with earth material.

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what is Prismatic compass ?

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Compass surveying is a branch of surveying in which directions of surveying lines are determined with a compass and the length of lines are measured with a tape or chain. In practice the compass is  generally used to run a traverse. In surveying, "Traverse" consists of a series of straight lines connected together to form a open or a closed polygon. Methods of traversing: Depending on the type of instrument used for the measurement of angles the method of Traversing can be classified as under; 1.Chain Traverse 2.Compass Traverse. 3.Plane Table Traverse. 4.Stadia Traverse. 5.Theodolite Traverse. IN Compass Traverse the direction of the traverse lines are determined with a magnetic compass. The magnetic Compass may be "SURVEYOR COMPASS" OR "PRISMATIC COMPASS" PRISMATIC COMPASS: The prismatic compass is one of the magnetic compass in which there is a prism for taking observations. The prismatic compass is generally smaller in size than a surveyor  compass. T
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Breast Wall

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Breast wall  are types of protection walls used in civil engineering  works. Breast  are used to  protect  the fresh cut of earth. There  is always a confusion between  retaining wall and breast wall. The Breast  wall is built on the  hill side  of a  Road as it  protects the natural cut slope of Road. Retaining wall  is built on the valley side  of road. Breast has a small range of height nearly from 2 to 3 meters and retaining wall can  have more height.  Breast   wall  help  in  protecting  the cut  slope from further Erosion.  Both breast walls and Retaining walls  are used in hilly road constructions  having steep slopes and it can  also be used  in Embankment to protect them from erosion. Breast wall can be constructed in plain  Concrete or in Stone Masonry. In these photos we  can see Breast walls being constructed in Stone masonry .   Breast walls have slope  on front side just to make  them more stable. Breast walls are very important in stopping  soil from  continuous erosion
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