civil engineering portal

  It is substructure part of bridge which supports superstructure.  Abutment are reinforced structure and are constructed in high strength Concrete Mix Design. Formwork should be proper so that no leaking on concrete takes place . Bridges are very important part of modern fast moving life providing better connectivity across different regions. Being a very important aspect of engineering proper care should be taken while constructing such structure.

 

Types of Dams:   Dams can be grouped according to the type of material of which they are constructed as follows; concrete dams are further grouped according to how they achieve their strength and stability.  CONCRETE DAMS Concrete Gravity Dams Concrete Arch Dams Concrete Buttress Dams FILL (EMBANKMENT) DAMS Earth Dams Earth and Rock Fill Dams Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dams Concrete Gravity Dams rely on the weight of the concrete of which they are built to resist the forces (gravity, water pressure, earthquake) to which they are subjected. Concrete Arch Dams and Buttress Dams can be built using a smaller amount of concrete than that required for a Gravity Dam and, as a result, are cheaper to build. This is possible because Arch and Buttress Dams are designed to transfer some of the loads (forces) on them to the foundation on which they are built ie the strength of the foundation is used to help resist the loads which could not be resisted simply by ...

RAFT FOUNDATION IS A  thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil/surface reinforced with steel, supporting column or wall and transfer its  loads from the structure to  soil. it is generally used to support structures like residential or commercial buildings, hostel/schools  where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, silos, foundations for heavy industrial equipment etc. it is very important type of foundation in modern ways of construction.

A surveyor instrument having a short telescope fixed rigidtly to a horizontal rotating table.

A theodolite   is a precision instrument for measuring angles   in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for  surveying  applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology . A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes — the horizontal  or trunnion  axis , and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.