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Indian pattern tangent clinometer  is used for determining differnce in elevation between two points and is specially adopted to a plane tabling. The clinometer is placed on table which is levelled by estimation. Clinometer consists of following parts: 1.A base plate 2.The eye vane 3.The object vane

A contour is defined as an imaginary line of constant elevation on the ground surface. It can also be defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the ground surface. For example, the line of intersection of the water surface of a still lake or pond with the surrounding ground represents a contour line.                                                                                                   It facilitates depiction of the relief of terrain in a two dimensional plan or map. The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of earth is called contouring. A contour map gives the idea of the altitudes of the surface features as well as their relative positions in a plan CONTOURING BY INDIRECT METHOD: The points surveyed...

it is a measuring device used for land survey. Gunter divided the chain into 100 links, marked off into groups of 10 by brass rings which simplified intermediate measurement. On the face of it, the dimensions make no sense: Each link is 7.92 inches long; 10 links make slightly less than 6 feet 8 inches and a full length of 66 feet. In fact, he had made a brilliant synthesis of two incompatible systems, the traditional English land measurements, based on the number 4, and the newly introduced system of decimals based on the number 10.

A surveyor instrument having a short telescope fixed rigidtly to a horizontal rotating table.

A theodolite   is a precision instrument for measuring angles   in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for  surveying  applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology . A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes — the horizontal  or trunnion  axis , and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.

work of  a surveyor consists of following three sections........ 1.field work. 2.office-work. 3.care and adjustment of instruments. 1.field-work:- this includes taking measurements for details, recording field-notes and setting of work. 2.office work:-it consists of preparing maps,plans and sections from the  data collected  in the field and also calculating areas and volumes and designing various structures. 3.care and adjustment of instrument:- a surveyor must be thoroughly  familiar with the instrument.He must knows the appropriate method of using instrument because even a minor injury to instrument is liable to make them out of order.

测量 是 确定 物体 的相对位置 earth.Surveying 或 土地测量 表面 上 的 艺术 ，是 技术， 专业和 科学 准确地确定 点 和 them.Surveying 之间 的距离和 角度 的 地面 或 三维位置 一直 以来 有记载的历史 （ 5000年前 ） 开始 在 人类生存环境的 的 发展 的 基本要素 。 这是 需要 在规划 和 执行 几乎所有的 建筑形式 的 ..