civil engineering portal

WATER LOGGING  is one of the major problems of land degradation in India. Unscientific management of soil, water and crops in irrigated lands and obstruction of natural drainage systems by various developmental activities are the main factors responsible for disrupting the balance of inflow and outflow of water, leading to water logging. While irrigation has increased by leaps and bounds, its attendant problem of water logging is now plaguing substantial area of agricultural lands . An irrigated area is said to  be waterlogged when the surplus water stagnates due to poor drainage or when the shallow water table rises to an extent that soil pores in the root zone of a crop become saturated, resulting in restriction of the normal circulation of the air, decline in the level of oxygen and increase in the level of carbon dioxide. The actual depth of water table, when it starts affecting the yield of the crops adversely, may vary over a wide range from zero for rice to ab

An irrigation channel is a conduit that transports wat   Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil. It is usually used to assist the growing of crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil. It is usually used to assist the growing of crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Water is important in every aspect of life whether it is farming or any daily life need. Irrigation canal is life life on farming. With the help of irrigation canal the water is transported from one place to another place of requirement with ease and efficiency.

Types of Dams:   Dams can be grouped according to the type of material of which they are constructed as follows; concrete dams are further grouped according to how they achieve their strength and stability.  CONCRETE DAMS Concrete Gravity Dams Concrete Arch Dams Concrete Buttress Dams FILL (EMBANKMENT) DAMS Earth Dams Earth and Rock Fill Dams Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dams Concrete Gravity Dams rely on the weight of the concrete of which they are built to resist the forces (gravity, water pressure, earthquake) to which they are subjected. Concrete Arch Dams and Buttress Dams can be built using a smaller amount of concrete than that required for a Gravity Dam and, as a result, are cheaper to build. This is possible because Arch and Buttress Dams are designed to transfer some of the loads (forces) on them to the foundation on which they are built ie the strength of the foundation is used to help resist the loads which could not be resisted simply by the weight of the d

Indian pattern tangent clinometer  is used for determining differnce in elevation between two points and is specially adopted to a plane tabling. The clinometer is placed on table which is levelled by estimation. Clinometer consists of following parts: 1.A base plate 2.The eye vane 3.The object vane

  dam  is a barrier that impound water  or underground streams. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as f loodgates  or levees  (also known as  d ikes ) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.Hydropower  and  p umped storage  electricity   are often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations.

RAFT FOUNDATION IS A  thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil/surface reinforced with steel, supporting column or wall and transfer its  loads from the structure to  soil. it is generally used to support structures like residential or commercial buildings, hostel/schools  where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, silos, foundations for heavy industrial equipment etc. it is very important type of foundation in modern ways of construction.