what is meant by civil engineering?

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 kindly post yours thoughts on above question?






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what is theodolite?

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A theodolite   is a precision instrument for measuring angles   in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for  surveying  applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology . A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes — the horizontal  or trunnion  axis , and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.
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what is contouring?

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A contour is defined as an imaginary line of constant elevation on the ground surface. It can also be defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the ground surface. For example, the line of intersection of the water surface of a still lake or pond with the surrounding ground represents a contour line.                                                                                                   It facilitates depiction of the relief of terrain in a two dimensional plan or map. The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of earth is called contouring. A contour map gives the idea of the altitudes of the surface features as well as their relative positions in a plan CONTOURING BY INDIRECT METHOD: The points surveyed...
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Breast Wall

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Breast wall  are types of protection walls used in civil engineering  works. Breast  are used to  protect  the fresh cut of earth. There  is always a confusion between  retaining wall and breast wall. The Breast  wall is built on the  hill side  of a  Road as it  protects the natural cut slope of Road. Retaining wall  is built on the valley side  of road. Breast has a small range of height nearly from 2 to 3 meters and retaining wall can  have more height.  Breast   wall  help  in  protecting  the cut  slope from further Erosion.  Both breast walls and Retaining walls  are used in hilly road constructions  having steep slopes and it can  also be used  in Embankment to protect them from erosion. Breast wall can be constructed in plain  Concrete or in Stone Masonry. In these photos we  can see Breast walls being constructed in Stone masonry ...
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