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Compass surveying is a branch of surveying in which directions of surveying lines are determined with a compass and the length of lines are measured with a tape or chain. In practice the compass is generally used to run a traverse. In surveying, "Traverse" consists of a series of straight lines connected together to form a open or a closed polygon. Methods of traversing: Depending on the type of instrument used for the measurement of angles the method of Traversing can be classified as under; 1.Chain Traverse 2.Compass Traverse. 3.Plane Table Traverse. 4.Stadia Traverse. 5.Theodolite Traverse. IN Compass Traverse the direction of the traverse lines are determined with a magnetic compass. The magnetic Compass may be "SURVEYOR COMPASS" OR "PRISMATIC COMPASS" PRISMATIC COMPASS: The prismatic compass is one of the magnetic compass in which there is a prism for taking observations. The prismatic compass is generally smaller in size than a surveyor compass. T
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology . A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes — the horizontal or trunnion axis , and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.
Breast wall are types of protection walls used in civil engineering works. Breast are used to protect the fresh cut of earth. There is always a confusion between retaining wall and breast wall. The Breast wall is built on the hill side of a Road as it protects the natural cut slope of Road. Retaining wall is built on the valley side of road. Breast has a small range of height nearly from 2 to 3 meters and retaining wall can have more height. Breast wall help in protecting the cut slope from further Erosion. Both breast walls and Retaining walls are used in hilly road constructions having steep slopes and it can also be used in Embankment to protect them from erosion. Breast wall can be constructed in plain Concrete or in Stone Masonry. In these photos we can see Breast walls being constructed in Stone masonry . Breast walls have slope on front side just to make them more stable. Breast walls are very important in stopping soil from continuous erosion
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